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Cultural Politics of Sport
Syllabus | CES Rubric | FAQ | Personal Pages | Annotated Bibliography | Wikipedia edits | What's Missing? | Qwikly

Extreme_Sports


Contents

Learning Portfolio

Self Assesment

This entry covers all aspects of the CES rubric. I give my outside opinion, use outside examples, and of course tied race into the annotation. In fact race, women, and social complexity were the main focuses of the article I read and of my annotation. Also, there was facts/research that backed the authors up; which I used to support my annotation. --Mreaves 15:25, 11 Oct 2005 (Pacific Daylight Time)

I revised the defintion of discrimination. I felt the definition given was lacking certain aspects; thus I inputed what I thought was appropriate. --Mreaves 15:25, 11 Oct 2005 (Pacific Daylight Time)

This was my first annotation, in which I thought I did a good job on intertwining race and engadging in outside and social complexitites. By reading it one can tell that I am fully aware of the direction of the article and I also shared my critiques on the situations that I referred to. --Mreaves 15:25, 11 Oct 2005 (Pacific Daylight Time)

Reflective Summary 1

I could improve my contributions by forcing the hidden message into my annotation and give more critique on the article at hand. The course has opened my eyes to alot of the racial injustices that go on in sports; I knew it was there, but not to the extremedies I am finding. I would like to explore how race in other countries is dealt with; obviously America is the worst, or is it? Also, I would like to explore more of what professional and college athletes (in whom we have in class) think of the racial injustices; furthermore how they have had to deal with it and how it has impacted them. --Mreaves 15:24, 11 Oct 2005 (Pacific Daylight Time)


/Mock blog post

/Revision of Mock Wiki

  • Comments on group is on the discussion page of (Revision of Mock Wiki) link.


Key Terms

  • Integration: The combination of people of different race and cultures brought togehter in society. Showing harmony between different cultures and races. Mreaves 16:22, 17 Sep 2005 (Pacific Daylight Time)
  • Social standards: What society expects or holds as a constant; what society as a whole believes should be upheld as being ok or acceptable. --Mreaves 23:47, 13 Oct 2005 (Pacific Daylight Time)

What's Missing

  • After reading the definition for "Discrimination" it seems to be fairly accurate, however, I think examples should of been given as to what characteristics are not important. Such as: race, economoical status, ethnicity, etc. Mreaves 09:58, 26 Sep 2005 (Pacific Daylight Time)
  • The definition of Political Sports isnt really a definiton. I do think however, that what was wrote is a great example of politics in sport, but political sports isnt exactly defined. It need to give more of an overall synopsis of politics in sports and what is exactly, not just an example. Mreaves 21:42, 30 Sep 2005 (Pacific Daylight Time)


References

  • Broyles, Phillip and Keen, Bradley (2005). "Consumer Discrimination in the NBA Trading-Card Market". The Sport Journal 8:110-115.

Using 298 different trading cards during the 1991-1992 season, the authors explored how race affects the quanity in which those cards are sold. Through the research it showed that in the 1970's and 1980's it was very evident that white players were getting paid more money than African-American; whites made up to 25% more compared to African-Americans. The research also showed that white superstar players sold more cards than that of black superstars (in 1992). Also shown was the comparison of average NBA players, in which blacks out performed whites in ppg (points per game) and apg (assist per game), yet was losing in the game of selling trading cards. However, as years have passed the authors showed that discrimination has been waning(in the trading-card market) mainly because of the rising of stars such as Michael Jordan and Magic Johnson. It is a fact that blacks have out performed whites in the NBA, however, I dont think statistics have or have had any affect on the trading-card market. It is all about the people who buy these collectible pieces of cardboard. --Mreaves 23:36, 13 Oct 2005 (Pacific Daylight Time)

  • Bruce, Toni (2004). "Marking the boundaries of the ‘normal’ in televised sports: the play-by-play of race". Sociology Sport Journal 26:861-879.

Despite an emerging body of research on race and representation in televised sport, not much is known about commentator practices and understandings; especially in context to racial indifference. Based on interviews and analysis of commentary, the results of this study point to a complex interaction between embedded racist ideologies and media practices specific to live basketball coverage (mainly focuse on the NBA). When was the last time that you saw a black commentator that was not a professional player of that sport? This research helps show why we dont see minority commentators and how the "color-commentating" is exactly what it suggests; lack of color and or non-white race in this profession. Taken together, and despite the conscious intentions of commentators, these interactions appear to contribute to African Americans and men of color and the normalization of dominant white cultural understandings of difference. This article and research bring out the ignorance of "white" America and the controversey of whites racializing minorities in these high-level competition sports through televised events. What is this teaching the youth; especially those of minority races?, becomes a focal and very distinct point of the author. The white side of the controversey are hidden, but can be found. Many whites feel that minorities dominate the sport being played, why do "they" (minorities) have to commentate it as well. It's insecurity on the part of the white race as if their power is being overtaken and each day they are being targeted. --Mreaves 22:55, 7 Nov 2005 (Pacific Standard Time)

  • Hanson, Sandra L. and Kraus, Rebecca S. (2003). "SCIENCE EXPERIENCES AMONG FEMALE ATHLETES: RACE MAKES A DIFFERENCE". Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering 9:1-219.

As of late girls are being more activley seen in sport, which poses the question: are theses girls reapoing the benefits for being recognized in the public eye? Competition, self-esteem, and other individual resources gained through sport are potential sources of success for women just as they are for men. The authors used critical feminist theories to guide their examination of racial and ethnic variations in the relationship between sport participation and science experiences for young women. Data from the National Education Longitudinal Study were used to explore the impact of sport participation in the 8th and 10th grades on 10th grade science achievement and course taking for African American, Hispanic, and White women. The findings revealed that sport participation has some positive impact for the science experiences of the different groups of women. There were also negative consequences found, however, the number of positive outcomes outnumbered the negative ones. Different routes are taken by different women of different races to achieve success at a certain level in partcipation of sport and science. It is evidentthough, that there is success at some point of every level. These experiments help show that there is a definite connection betwen science, sport, race, ethnicity, and gender. Mreaves 23:39, 4 Oct 2005 (Pacific Daylight Time)

As we are all caught up in black and white relationships througout the country and the problematics of racism, particularly in sport; many other races such as Asians, are being overlooked. While Asians are not the focal point what so ever in sports, they are rapidly integrating many sports such as skating, baseball, and basketball. The author suggests, using a census to back him up, that Asians are smarter than that of blacks and whites, thus they dont play the sports to break out of poverty; but play for the joy of the game. Lapchick brings up the background of Asian home-life and the common misconceptions of the Asian race; all asians are good at math and that Asians are inferior to all other races in sport. As well as giving background, the author does a good job at giving some foreground of what is to come for Asian athletes here in the U.S. and how current popular Asian stars are paving the way for young kids of Asian decent all over the world. --Mreaves 11:25, 21 Oct 2005 (Pacific Daylight Time)

  • Merrett, Christopher (1994). "SPORT, RACISM AND URBAN POLICY IN SOUTH". Sporting Traditions 4:1-26.

This article explores the parallel growth of black (after 1970)and white sports facilities in a average size (populations wise) city (Natal) during the 20th century. It is generally accepted that sport is a major component of the way of life of white South Africa: it has often been referred to as a national religion; this article explores this "religious" belief and how the form of white sport is enhanced through it. Rugby is used as an example many times throughout the text, with the author expressing that this particular sport is a metaphor for the white virtility and political power. Also, the author showed how this sport was a defiance against the anti-apartheid movement. Through talks of the apartheid it is expressed how whites gained power through the different sports of South Africa and how black labor was exploited. With these blatant exploitations, the author goes in depth about how blacks banned together forming defiance groups and boycotting the actions of their fellow (white) South Africans. --Mreaves 00:21, 15 Nov 2005 (Pacific Standard Time

  • Lincoln, Abraham; Grant, U. S. (1861). Resolving Family Differences Peacefully. Gettysburg: Printing Press. ISBN 0-12-345678-9.
  • Miller, Patrick B. and Wiggins, David K.(2004). SPORT and the color line. Routledge. ISBN 706.32 S73.

"SPORT and the Color Line" brings together a collection of stories about African-Americans in organized sport from the time of Jim Crow Laws to 21st century America. This book focuses on racial discrimination and the affects it has on the individuals, their communities, the region, and the country as a whole. The authors depict different stories, beyond individual achievements, on black athletes and race relations on high school, college, and professional levels. Miller and Wiggins bring out the evolving color line/"barrier" portraying how it has and is continuely affecting African-American athletes.

  • Muster, Brad (2001). "Minority Hiring Practices in Professional Sports". The Sport Journal 4:1-8.

Professional sports provide a source of entertainment for millions of people. Players and games are seen as diversions to everyday life. Yet to athletes and to those who work behind the scenes in the front-offices, professional sports is a job. Running and managing sports teams and leagues is big business (mainly for white people). From the construction and operation of stadiums to the local merchants who take care of the fans, sports teams greatly affect a city's economy. A glance at the rosters can quickly show what the players' demographics are, but a closer look is needed to see the racial and gender make-up of these various teams and leagues. What is discussed is the history of the different demographics of various professional sports. Not only the demographic of the owners, but of the front office and the players as well. Racial and gender lines are discussed throughout the article and the author brings up the different ways in which society is affected and how this is becoming prolematic. --Mreaves 16:56, 31 Oct 2005 (Pacific Standard Time)

  • Sammons, Jeffery T. (1994). "'Race' and Sport A Critical Historial Examination". Journal of Sport History 21:203-255.

This article gives brings up different historical contexts of racism in sport. It depicts how (mainly) black athletes have had to deal with racism in the different decades and how their lifestyles are affected by these societal injustices. Also, critiqued is how whites define themselves; as in oppossite of others (by race) and how this brings together the different wages of whiteness in sport. Not only does this scholary article cover the injustices of America, but spans the globe and extracts examples of discrimination in other countries, providences, and continents. The main point of this is to show that America, although the most racist, is not the only discrimatory place on sport. However, what America and the other countries discussed that are intertwined is that all of the cases deal with white supremacy. Lastly, the author tries to embark on where racism in sport is going and how it is effecting the up and coming generations of sport. --Mreaves 17:41, 12 Nov 2005 (Pacific Standard Time)

  • Turner, Corey M. (2003). "Inherent Conflicts of Interest in the National Football League Management Structure May Render the Rooney Rule Meaningless". The Sport Journal 6:5-20.

This particular entry in the Sport Journal focuses on black coaches in the NFL; the lack there of for that matter. Although the NFL is made up primarily (70%) of black athletes only three black coaches are currently employed; Dennis Green, Marvin Lewis, and Tony Dungee. This is very devastating to the balck commnity as the NFL is expressing to blacks that they are not capable of being in such high states of authority or importance. That is backed with the hiring of 7 black coaches in NFL history out of 400. The Rooney Rule: all teams must interview at least one black applicant for head coaching positions, has been put into effect, but isnt helping the situation. As the author points out, just because teams are forced to interview black coaches, doesnt mean they are going to hire them; it's just another obstacle that owners must conquer. Along with coaching, the author gives background on the role of a commisioner in the NFL and the front offices: owner, ceo, general manager, etc. and how that is affecting blacks breaking the NFL barrier. --Mreaves 19:36, 25 Oct 2005 (Pacific Daylight Time)

  • Wiggins, David K. (1997). Glory Bound, Black Athletes in a White America. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2733-5.

The book "Glory Bound; Black Athletes in a White America," gives the history and or background of black athletes in America since the beginning of sport. The author, Wiggins, breaks the book down into three parts: Plantation to Playing Field, Civil Rights and Quest for Equality, and Race Relations and the Ideology of Sport. Each part with at least three different stories of black athletes rise in sport while living in a White America. Wiggins touches on an array of sports and different social situations where black athletes have risen to the top of "white" sports. The book also points out that professional ahtletes were not the only ones struggling in this white America, but the collegiate athletes also struggled with racial turmoil; in many instances black athletes lost scholarships. Wiggins gives examples of a variety of controversal issues including; black superiority in sport and the characterizations of black athletes. He portrays both sides of white America and helps the reader better understand the role and treatment of black athletes in sport both historically and present day. Mreaves 17:17, 20 Sep 2005 (Pacific Daylight Time)

White Power; Sports and its Icons


In a thoroughly racialized and racist society such as the United States, attempting to endorse the humanity of non-white people by pretending they have no color is not a sign that one has moved beyond race. Rather, it indicates that one is stuck knee-deep in the culture’s deeply embedded racism. This is especially evident in the world of sports. Where whites feel that African-Americans have taken over; and to some, ruining the American traditions. Whites feel threatened by minorities because they feel that their race is being overtaken. The prideful tradition of white sport is now being dominated by people of color which is cutting into “White Superiority,” but at the same time has cut out black icons for the youth.

Since the beginning of sport, white power has dominated every aspect. With sports starting off as recreation and or leisurely activities. They soon turned competitive; as a part of American history and tradition. Playing a sport gives the participant a sense of pride and confidence; and gives others (fans) something to cheer about. Mainly for the youth it provides an idol/icon, someone they can look up to. Unfortunately, it seems that black people are left out of this loop of tradition and pride, although many black athletes are looked to as role-models for American youth. Whites have dominated every aspect of every sport in the history of the United States. That is until segregation started to take effect. At first there were only a few African-Americans that were considered “worthy” enough to play at the professional level, any level for that matter, with white people, but as the years grew, so did the opportunities for minority athletes. As the 1980’s rolled by icons such as Carl Lewis, Michael Jordan, and Ricky Henderson were being the heroes of kids everywhere. Some whites feel that the black athletes are dominating sports and the media, which are providing white kids with a “black” plague of role models.

Currently (2005), African-Americans dominate from the hard court to the greens. According to Reverend Jesse Jackson; NASCAR is the only Bastion of white supremeness left. Which raises this question; if that is the only bastion of white supremacy in sport left, then why are there still complaints of racism in all other sports and why are these athletes looked negatively upon? Jermaine O’Neal, who is backed by other black NBA athletes, says that the age limit on the draft is racist because white people don’t want to see young black athletes succeed; which suggests cutting down on black role models for kids . In the NFL there are only two black head coaches: Dennis Green and Marvin Lewis. Showing the black youth of America that there only chance at being successful is to play a sport, because it would absurd for them to coach, be a gm, or president of an organization. Hiring minorities at the head coach position is such an issue that it is now a rule that when teams interview applicants for head coaching positions at least one of the interviewees must be a person of color. If one were to look at the stats of Green , you might change your mind. In the 8 years Green was with the Minnesota Vikings he appeared in 7 straight playoffs, going to the NFC championship twice, but was fired after failing to make the postseason for an 8th straight year. Why would you get rid of a coach who has had so much success, because he is black? A similar example arises on the collegiate level of football with coach Tyron Willingham; who was the first coach in Notre Dame history to not be allowed to fulfill his contract. Willingham was let go after three years of his five year contract, after leading the Irish to better seasons than they have had in the past 5 years. As blacks try to move up in the world of sports; beyond that of the playing field, they are abruptly stopped and it is being expressed that it is nearly impossible for a person of color to be successful in sports in other positions besides that of being a player.

Instead of picking who is best for the job or giving the spot to the deserving athlete, the United States will hide behind the shadow of White Supremacy. Instead of accepting these athletes and coaches, (white) America feels that they provide unfit role-models for young people. Indirect or not, it is very evident that minorities are not given equal opportunities in sport, mainly in the aspect of “white“ positions (executives, head coaches, etc).. The American tradition in sport are considered to be white traditions and some feel that those are being taken over by lesser people (minorities). --Mreaves 20:13, 6 Dec 2005 (Pacific Standard Time)


Web References

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