User:Kristi plummer/CES 308
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Learning Portfolio
Self Assessmant
- Kristi Plummer (Sept.). Annotated Bibliography. Retrieved October 10, 2005.
Reflective Summary 1
Annotated Bibliography
- Cox Matthew (2003). "Minorities, Women Losing Ground in Sports Employment". Black Issues in Higher Education. 20:15.
Although some major advances have been made in the area of women and minorities gaining equal opportunities in the employment world, they are currently losing some of the progress that they have made. This is occurring at both the professional and collegiate levels. Major League Baseball continues to grow with a huge increase in the number of international players, whereas many of the other sports are heading in the opposite direction. This article looks very closely at this issue and also grades a number of organizations on how they handle the situation.
- Gordon Devin, Downey Sarah (2000). "Mind your own mascot". Newsweek 136:69.
Many Native Americans who do stand up to the recent mascot controversy are often treated with disgust and disrespect. This article offers examples of what has happened to some people and what others have done to combat it. Stanford was the first University to change its mascot from “Indian” to “Cardinals.” After this occurred a number of other high schools and colleges followed suit. It comes in stages; sometimes it appears that the pro-Indian mascots are ahead and sometimes it seems as though they are losing. The fact that a number of colleges are being asked to change is very difficult for them. San Diego State University is currently a school in question as they are called the “Aztecs.” Most of the student populations vote to retain the current mascot and alumni say that they will not donate money if a new mascot is created.
- King, Richard and Springwood, Charles (2001). Beyond the Cheers: Race as Spectacle in College Sport. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-5005-8.
This book, by King and Springwood, looks at the racial differences in the history of colleges and universities. They look into the mascot controversy, African-American athlete exploitation, and racial stratification with in intercollegiate athletics. The supposed progress of racial integration in sports can be traced to more of a push to win games than to correct social injustices. Universities say that higher education is very important to them, but in a roundabout way it is almost the denial of blatant racism. This book looks into the fact of how race can have an important impact on, not just the university, but the entire surrounding community and people.
- Lapchick Richard (1995). "Academic Standards For Athletes: A Debate in Black and White". Black Issues in Higher Education 12:48.
Athletes have not always been viewed as the brightest people, but black athletes have always been considered the least intelligent. Proposition 48 was created, in 1983, with new eligibility standards for incoming freshman. Prop 48 had widespread approval except for in the black community as it would lower their chances for receiving athletic scholarships. Although it did affect the black community for a few years, now, most everyone (black and white) meets the standards. There have been many different opinions and views on what should be done. Some ideas work, but others do not, it is hoped that in the future they will have more evenly justified opportunities.
- Murphy, Angela (2005). "Life Stories of Black Male and Female Professionals: An Inquiry into the Salience of Race and Sports". Journal of Men's Studies 13:313.
Murphy looks at both male and females in all aspects of the professional sporting world. What she discovered was that many people do not directly link their race to their current working position. Being involved in sports often gives most people a heads up and looks into the reality of the real world. Social identity reveals that people's biological race or native culture will only produce certain racial or cultural experiences, behaviors, or values when people psychologically identify with this race or culture. Not every African-American is expected to act in the same way and it varies based on their upbringing. This article also explained how African-American males who participated in sports growing up are less likely to be upset with the problems of minority hiring.
- Murray, Chris. February 15, 2005. "Williams Broke Down Barriers of Quarter Back 'Racism'". Philadelphia Tribune, Volume 121 Issue 26:Page 4H.
This article discusses the experience of an African-American quarterback, Doug Williams. The timeline ranges from the NFL Draft through the end of his playing career, as well as his coaching experience. Williams, who eventually became the first African-American to quarterback a superbowl, learned to deal with some hard times. Fortunately, Williams left an immediate impact on the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. They moved from a team ranked last among the league to making the playoffs three times in a four year period. The article includes some fairly recent statistics on African-American coaches. It is interesting to see other people's feelings and ideas about racism in sport. This article opened my eyes to the fact that we haven't made much progress over the years in this area.
- Muster Brad (2001). "Minority Hiring Practices in Professional Sports". The Sport Journal 4:1-8.
This article looked at professional sports as a complete entity and why the problem with hiring minorities causes such confusion and disagreement. The problem was stated to be how players, front office, and league personnel compare to the overall labor market. Both dependant and independent variables were given, while a current hypothesis is also stated. Muster goes into great detail about the current situation and acknowledges how changes could possibly be made in the future. Relevant statistics are given to contribute more accurately to what Muster has to say. Not only does this article discuss racial problems, but it also has some information dealing with women in professional sport.
- Quenqua Douglas (2005). "NCAA scores points for American Indians". PRweek 8:20.
This article looks into the recent mascot controversies and the main feeling is that of hatred for the use of these teams. The article seems to be very opinionated and agrees with the NCAA ruling of not allowing any of these teams with questionable mascots to partake in post-season tournaments. Quenqua doesn’t mince words and hopes the professional leagues will soon follow the lead of the NCAA and do away with these mascot teams. Being politically correct may not always be seen as important in the sporting world, but in some aspects, it is believed to be very important.
- Springwood Charles (2004). ""I'm Indian too!" Claiming Native American identity, crafting authority in mascot debates". Journal of Sport and Social Issues 28:56.
Springwood looks into the fact that “non-natives” apparently believe that they have some power in keeping and fighting for these mascot names. In all actuality, these people may have no input on the matter; it goes back to the Native American tribes and the organizations to which these mascots come from. These “non-natives” have played a role in the voices of actual Native Americans to become silent with their views. They seem to take away all the sense of home and confidence that these people believe in. The outcome of this issue is very important to the natives and it is hoped that one day this problem will be solved.
- Unknown Author (2005). "Race Issues Within Intercollegiate Athletics: African American Versus Caucasian American Athletes' Perceptions of Athletic, Academic, and Community Social Climate". . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 76:A111.
This article looks into racial problems with in intercollegiate athletics. Looking most directly at the academics side of things, they want to compare how Caucasian students do versus African-American. The research was done at mainly white universities across the United States. Most minorities felt that multi-cultural programs do not play a role in helping to resolve inter-group conflict. A number of these minorities say that they choose predominately white schools to participate in athletics due to the fact that they want to increase their chances of being recognized by a recruiter from professional sports. Campus environment plays a key role in the academic performance of student athletes whether they are black or white.
Key Term
- MINORITY: a part of a population differing from others in some characteristics and often subjected to differential treatment (also located on Key Term page)
What's Missing
- From what I read in the article, the history section should've given some examples of types of sports played. With sportsmanship, it could have discussed how it began and maybe given an example of more definitions. I felt that the sports and politics section was short and could have given more detail. It didn't seem to discuss a whole lot of information and not much discussion at all about the United States. Kristi plummer 16:07, 11 Sep 2005 (Pacific Daylight Time)Kristi Plummer
(also located on What's Missing page)
Mock Wiki
My contributions can be seen on the above link!
Comments
- I felt that our group worked very well together. We set deadlines and kept up with them. We had several meetings outside of the classroom and really came together to try and improve our topic area of extreme sports. We did a tremendous amount of research in trying to find racial boundaries in extreme sport, but not many articles on that topic existed. We used what we could find and that from past knowledge compiled the information that we had for our project. Comments directed towards my group members can be found on their pages!
Self Assesment
- Personally, I felt that I may have been a little more able to help out my group. I do not have the internet at home and it was often difficult to make it to the library to find information, let alone update the information on the computer. However, whenever I found the opportunity I was going to the library to find information. Most of the information that I fouind occurred during our group meetings. We all worked together and tried to help each other find pertinant information. After hesring some of the stories about other groups and not being able to meet or accomplish anything, I was extremely happy to be in the group I was in.
Final Entry
- Racial Stratification of Sport
Racial stratification can be defined as the hierarchical organization of socially defined races or groups on the basis of assumed inborn differences in status, honor, or moral worth; this is symbolized in the United States by skin color. This is the underlying cause for continuing racial inequality in the U.S. Racial stratification of sport is a very serious issue and one that should not be taken lightly. It occurs in many aspects of the sporting world: players, coaches, professionals, and managers. Most widely, racial stratification plays a major role in professional sports. Many people see these games as exciting events while to others it serves as their career and source of income. Managing, running, or coaching these teams is very important. Most people don’t often think about what goes on behind the scenes and what others (besides the athletes) are doing to make their experience more enjoyable. Granted, there are a significant number of athletes that are considered to be the minority, but many people don’t realize just how deep this problem runs. The perceptions of racial discrimination arise when one considers the vast discrepancy between the number of minorities who participate as players to those who help organize and run organizations at team or league levels. Discrimination is not necessarily based on race, but now leans towards ones achievements. This achievement bias has led to African-Americans being underrepresented in many areas of the sporting world. Many people show total disregard for this fact, and act as if the numbers are equal and there really is no discriminating going on. Some people feel that it is the white man who the bias is against. Before the 1960’s, whites put down virtually all aspects of black life and culture. Blacks were considered inferior to whites culturally, morally, and intellectually. In order to protect the white population from "corruption" by black culture, interracial marriages were prohibited and blacks were forced to live in segregated areas away from whites. The blacks did not simply accept the "white way of acting" as a way to get ahead. Rather, they developed oppositional stances toward the dominant white society and culture. However, after the 1960’s, polls began to show that fewer and fewer whites continued to believe that blacks were inferior to whites. Additionally, the rate of interracial marriage began to increase. Being "successful" for blacks meant not only acting white but generally leaving the black community altogether. Racial categories are symbolically constructed. That is, to be "black" or "white" is not simply a matter of genetics. The darkness of one’s skin can determine which group they will belong in. This is something that, for the most part, people have no control over. They are automatically categorized according to social norms. However, a person could have an African genetic ancestry, but have the physical characteristics associated with European ancestry—possibly due to interracial marriage. In this case, the person might be in a position to decide their racial status. Racial membership carries with it different implications for status or moral worth. Being black does not mean simply being different. In the U.S. for many years, being black was something bad. For instance, being black meant that whites might see you not simply as a person with darker skin, but as a person who was lazy or dumb. This should not be the case. Every person is their own individual and should not be based on stereotypes. Finally, I would like to conclude with a question… Why does racial inequality persist in the U.S.?